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The Hermitage of Restelo ((ポルトガル語:Ermida de Restelo)), alternately Chapel of Saint Jerome ((ポルトガル語:Capela de São Jerónimo)), is a hermitage in the civil parish of Santa Maria de Belém, in the municipality of Lisbon. The religious architecture has Manueline and revivalist Neo-manueline elements, consisting of a single-nave structure with a vaulted ceiling and surrounded by a modernist landscape, as evidenced by a preoccupation with choice of plants and manicured environment (completed by Gonçalo Ribeiro), in order to create a zone of protection for the hermitage. ==History== The Hermitage of Restelo ((ポルトガル語:Ermida do Restelo)) was already in disrepair when Vasco da Gama and his men spent the night in prayer there before departing on their expedition to the Orient in 1497.〔Centro de eLearning do Instituto Politécnico de Tomar (2011), p.1〕 The canonical foundations of the Monastery of Santa Maria de Blém were established in 1496 at the hermitage, which belonged to the Order of Christ. Two years later, the buildings were donated by royal proclamation to the Order of Saint Jerome, which occupied them in 1499. Between 1513-1545, King Manuel I acquired lands and buildings for the new monastery in Belém. On 20 March 1514, the first round of construction began with the excavation, transport, and assembly of the stonework to build the Church of Santa Maria de Belém. The first blocks arrived in 1516, and were immediately used to define the churchyard and build the foundations of the structure. In 1517 a new chapel was constructed within the limits of the monastery, which then consisted of a group of hermitages (of which only the Chapel of Santo Cristo remains), for the retreat and meditation of the monks. Diogo Rodrigues, the supervisor and receiver-general for the project, paid Rodrigo Afonso 1,500 Portuguese réis for work completed on the Church of Saint Jerome. In a 1572 engraving in the ''Atlas de Georgius Braun Agrippinensis'' the chapel is shown with a longer form, and flanked by buttresses, with three windows and covered in tile.〔 In 1833, the Monastery of Santa Maria de Belém was closed, and all its dependencies were occupied by the ''Casa Pia''. The Abbot António Dâmaso de Castro e Sousa referred to the chapel covered in "stone lacework".〔 In 1886, an inscription date was affixed to the doorway of the apse, indicating its being opened in that year after completion of remodelling work to the property for public use.〔 Sometime between 1895–1924, the lateral altars, originally covered in azulejo tile were removed and the walls that abutted them were plastered in cement.〔 In the first half of the 20th century, the Chapel was abandoned and served sporadically as a warehouse, a shelter for gypsies and the homeless, and as a slaughterhouse.〔 In 1938, the Minstério da Guerra (Ministry of War) requisitioned the use of the property from the ''Direcção-Geral de Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais'' (General-Directorate for Buildings and National Monuments or DGEMN) for their military exercises. In 1937–1939 the DGEMN carried out restoration on the false arches in the nave, repaired the stonework with water-resistant mortar, modified the principal staircase with existing materials, cleaned the parapets and filled cracks, substituted and repaired the roofing tiles; repaired the doors; and re-spackled the vaulted ceilings. Along with these efforts there was a levelling of the terrain that included some excavations.〔 Owing to its intrinsic historical value, on 26 September 1940, the space was classified as a ''Imóvel de Interesse Público'' (Property of Public Interest),〔 but on 1 November, the passing of another ordinance suspended the previous classification. Little was done with the chapel until 1945-1946, when the structure was given to the ''Fábrica da Igreja Paroquial de Belém'', the civic organisation associated with the parochial church of Belém.〔 Recognising the need to safeguard the architectural significance of the hermitage, the municipal council of Lisbon enacted an urbanisation plan in 1953-1955 that isolated the chapel from other buildings and set a landscaping policy for the grounds. Landscape architect Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles petitioned the city's Department of Studies and Projects in 1954 to be allowed to collaborate in the urbanisation plan for the outskirts of Restelo. This was completed the following year under his guidance.〔 When Ribeiro Telles began his project in 1956, the hilltop where the hermitage sits had completely open views, but was barren of vegetation and being eroded by the winds. On 9 January 1956, an ordinance decreed the first Special Zone of Protection (''Zona Especial de Proteção'') for the hermitage, and In 1959 a campaign of cleaning and repairing the exterior stonework was begun, as well as levelling the adjacent lands. These operations continued until 1962 when the chapel was reopened.〔 The masonry was cleaned and restored with general repairs such as filling the joints with water-resistant mortar and extending the cornices, repairing the pavement stones, and completing the lateral window. Repairs were made to the doors, the stairs, the roof tiles and the wood of the ceilings, as well as the azulejo tiles in the altar.〔 However, in 1963-1964, evidence of water infiltration was found along the eastern walls of the building, so the DGMEN cleaned the gargoyles, which served as waterspouts to drain the roof. In 1965, a ceremony called the ''Benção dos Bacalhoeiros'' (Blessing of the Codfishermen) was held in the hermitage in honor of an old tradition of the region. Preparations for the celebration included cleaning the exterior limestone and treating the doors with oil. Severe water penetration was again detected in 1966-1967.〔 Ten years later, the sealing of the interior had not been completed, and heavy rainwater seeped into the building. An assessment of the roof determined that the gravel roof had lost its impermeability and was degrading. The gargoyles were again clogged with residue, and not properly draining rainwater.〔 On 1 June 1992, the property was transferred into the control of the ''Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico'' (Portuguese Institute for Architectural Patrimony or IPPAR). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hermitage of Restelo」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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